Surface and Groundwater Contamination
Any time development of petroleum resources occurs, there will be concern about impacts on surface and groundwater. For UOGD, the use and production of brines can lead to specific impacts, including salinization, exposure to toxic metals and organic contaminants, and pollution of shallow aquifers and groundwater resources.
While the exact composition of brines used for UOGD does not have to be disclosed, some common components are known: chloride, bromide, sulfate, barium, and strontium, among others. In other countries, manganese has also been found at elevated levels in UOGD brines. These major ions can be used to trace intrusion of UOGD brines into water sources and have been associated with salinization of freshwaters. “Freshwater salinization syndrome” is a widespread phenomenon stemming from increased salt levels in freshwater, leading to negative ecological impacts as well as detrimental impacts to needed infrastructure. High salt levels can degrade concrete and increase corrosion of steel, as well as render current drinking water sources unusable.